CORONATION ODE AND ORIGINS OF LAND OF HOPE AND GLORY

From Lucy Campion

I am rather confused as to the date of the premiere of Elgar's Coronation Ode. The web page says 2nd October 1902 but the Coronation of King Edward was August 1902. Was it used for the actual Coronation or as part of the celebration? Also, am I correct in saying that �Land of Hope and Glory� was written without words as Pomp and Circumstance No 1, and then words were written for it and that it became the Coronation Ode finale, and then a new set of words was written for Clara Butt which is the most commonly heard version today?

Reply by Tom Kelly

The story is rather complicated. A full account is given in an article by Yvonne M Ward in The Elgar Society Journal of July 2004 (vol13 No5 pp13-26) if you have access to it. You can get a copy of the Elgar Works vocal score of Coronation Ode with a programme note by John Norris from the Elgar Birthplace Museum � see http://www.elgarfoundation.org/trolleyed/4/24/43/index.htm. A snip at �5.95 plus postage!

Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901.Elgar was specifically asked by the Master of the King�s Music (Sir Walter Parratt) in March 1901 �to set to immortal music� verses by Arthur Benson. Elgar took up the task of a Coronation Ode (CO) to be performed at Covent Garden at the same time as he was working on a sketch of what became the Pomp and Circumstance March No1. Benson agreed to add verses to suit Elgar�s plans for the work.

The orchestra only version of PC1was performed first in Liverpool on 21 October 1901 (along with PC2). The idea of setting the Trio section to words was said to have come from the new King (by Elgar in 1927!). But since King Edward heard PC1 for the first time only in February 1902 that seems unlikely. More likely is Clara Butt�s story that she suggested it to Elgar when they sat together at a concert including PC1 in November 1901.

In December 1901, Elgar debated with his editor at Novellos, Jaeger, whether the Trio tune should be set to verse. Jaeger said it would be �downright vulgar� because the �drop to E and bigger drop afterwards� were �impossible� for a choir. Elgar was not deterred and composed a setting as the Finale - section Vll - in CO and also as solo song with orchestra - with different words. The words in both versions were written by Arthur Benson at Elgar�s request to fit the tune rather than Elgar composing a tune to fit words already written by Benson.

In 1902 Benson also suggested � to correct an oversight - adding some new verse material to refer to Queen Alexandra. Elgar set these new verses as what is now Section lll of Coronation Ode - �Daughter of Ancient Kings�.

The Coronation of King Edward Vll was due to take place on 26 June and CO was intended to be given a State Performance 4 days after the Coronation ceremony on 30 June. In the event both were postponed because the King was ill with appendicitis. The Coronation eventually took place on 9 August 1902. So CO was performed first at the Sheffield Festival on 2 October and had its first performance in London on 26 October. Elgar conducted both performances. King Edward heard the CO first at a concert on 25 June 1903.

�Land of Hope and Glory� had already been performed as a solo song on 21 June 1902 by Clara Butt at the Royal Albert Hall.

The words in the Coronation Ode version are as follows:

Land of Hope and Glory, Mother of the Free, How shall we extol thee, who are born of thee? Truth and Right and Freedom, each a holy gem, Stars of solemn brightness, weave thy diadem. Tho' thy way be darkened, still in splendour drest, As the star that trembles o'er the liquid West. Throned amid the billows, throned inviolate, Thou hast reigned victorious, thou has smiled at fate.

Land of Hope and Glory, fortress of the Free, How may we extol thee, praise thee, honour thee? Hark, a mighty nation maketh glad reply; Lo, our lips are thankful, lo, our hearts are high! Hearts in hope uplifted, loyal lips that sing; Strong in faith and freedom, we have crowned our King!

The verses set in the song version of Land of Hope and Glory are as follows:

Dear Land of Hope, thy hope is crowned. God make thee mightier yet! On Sov'reign brows, beloved, renowned, Once more thy crown is set. Thine equal laws, by Freedom gained, Have ruled thee well and long; By Freedom gained, by Truth maintained, Thine Empire shall be strong.

Land of Hope and Glory, Mother of the Free, How shall we extol thee, Who are born of thee? Wider still and wider Shall thy bounds be set; God, who made thee mighty, Make thee mightier yet God, who made thee mighty, Make thee mightier yet.

Thy fame is ancient as the days, As Ocean large and wide A pride that dares, and heeds not praise, A stern and silent pride Not that false joy that dreams content With what our sires have won; The blood a hero sire hath spent Still nerves a hero son.

Of course the Prommers sing only the middle verse of the song version when the Trio tune comes along at the Last Night of The Proms.

From : Geoff Sansome of the Friends of Claines Church wrote

CLAINES CHURCH YARD and the WHINFIELDS OF SEVERN GRANGE

I am very interested in any of Elgar�s actual accounts or recollections of Claines and was wondering if you had original sources for the reference on the website that "Elgar wasn't so interested in plainsong, but studied harmony from many sources - particularly Beethoven (at an early age he took scores from his father's music shop to his grandparent's graves at Claines Churchyard to study them), as well as Mozart and Schumann, to name two."

Geoff Sansome

Dear Geoff,

The image of Elgar �his pockets stuffed with bread and cheese � studying scores in the church yard is a familiar part of the legend of his early efforts to teach himself music.

Tom Kelly

From : Rowena Hardwick

SOL-FA VERSION OF SONG �THE SNOW�

I am looking for a copy of The Snow by Elgar for SATB in sol-fa. Can you help?

Rowena Hardwick

Dear Rowena

You can get this part-song arranged for 4 mixed voices,SATB, by John Pointer from Music Room at http://www.musicroom.com/se/ID_No/018029/details.html. Accompaniments for two violins and pianoforte, and violin parts, are published separately. Other versions, for example for 3 parts SSA, are available from the same source.

These are all in musical notation. I have not yet come across a sol-fa version.

I�ll let you know if anything turns up which would better suit your specification.

Tom Kelly

From : Janet Elgar

Relative of Sir Edward Elgar?

My name is Elgar. How may I find out if there is any connection with Sir Edward Elgar?

Janet Elgar

Dear Janet,

To find out whether you are one of the same branch of the Elgars as the composer Edward, you would need to research your family tree backwards into the nineteenth century. Unless you have Worcestershire or Kent ancestors, however, a connection is unlikely.

Elgar had a daughter Carice but she died childless in 1970 ending the direct line of descent.

The closest connections today could be to Elgar�s brother known as Frank (actually his full name is Francis Thomas) born 1 October 1861 in Worcester. Frank had 3 children and died on 7 June 1928 and is buried in Astwood cemetery in Worcester. I will try to find out if any of those children were sons and passed on the Elgar name to children of their own.

Otherwise the next possibility is a link to Edward�s father, William Henry Elgar, who was born 21 September 1821 at Charlton-in-Dover in Kent, and died in Worcester on 29 April 1906. Although two of William Henry�s sisters had children their names would not have been Elgar. There was a younger brother Henry, Edward�s uncle, but he died unmarried and childless in Worcester in 1917, and another brother - also Edward - who died age 21 in 1850.

There are more people bearing the name Elgar than you might think. In the 1901 census, for example, there were 11 Elgars with the first name Edward and 6 Edward Elgers who may have been Elgars too. A good website for looking at the distribution of surnames in 1881 and 1998 is - http://www.spatial-literacy.org/UCLnames/Surnames.aspx .

Good luck with your searching. It can get very compulsive.

Tom Kelly

From : Jack D Smith

Organ Sonata - Orchestral Version

I read with interest your response to one enquiry regarding Elgar's output for organ, in which you mentioned a re-worked version of the Organ Sonata, orchestrated by Gordon Jacob, and tantalisingly hinted that it has been recorded by Vernon Handley.

Unlike many of your other pointers, however, there was no information as to who publishes either the score or recording of this version, and I would be extremely grateful if you could inform me if either (or indeed both) are available at all.

With many thanks for a most useful, informative and entertaining website,

Jack D Smith

Dear Jack,

The orchestral version of the Elgar Organ Sonata is on CD. It was first recorded by Vernon Handley with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra in 1988. This has been re-issued in 2003 on the EMI Classic for Pleasure label at mid-price (7243 5 75979 2 0). You can purchase a copy online from the Elgar Birthplace at http://www.elgarfoundation.org/trolleyed/2/51/index.htm

Gordon Jacob was first asked to orchestrate the work by music publishers (British and Continental Music Agencies) who had acquired the rights to the original Organ sonata from its original publisher Breitkopf & Haertel. Jacob completed the job in 1946 and the year following it was performed for a radio broadcast by Adrian Boult and the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Then it languished apparently unheard until revived by Handley in the 1980�s. If you would like to know more about Gordon Jacob, there is an excellent website about him and his work http://www.gordonjacob.com/

The publishing rights for the orchestral version were acquired first by Fentone Music and from them by a Dutch firm de Haske. The score is not on the de Haske catalogue but the parts can be hired - but not purchased - from de Haske Music (UK) Ltd at Fleming Road, Corby, NN17 4SN (phone 01536 260981 or e-mail: [email protected] ).

Tom Kelly

From : Cecilia Violin

Dedication of La Capricieuse

I am a violinist interested in more information on Elgar's pupil, Fred Ward, to whom he dedicated his violin piece "La Capricieuse". I am doing research for LRSM but I have not found anything about him besides your great website.

Cecilia

Dear Cecilia,

Thanks for you appreciation of the website

For the benefit of other readers, the website section on Elgar�s Other Music for Piano and Violin said that Bizarrerie (1889) was composed for, but not dedicated to, another of Elgar's pupils, Fred Ward, who, to judge by the writing of the piece, must have been a particularly skilled violinist. Two years later, Elgar dedicated La Capricieuse (1891) to Ward, thereby rectifying the omission of the earlier piece.

I can find in the 1891 Census for Worcester no Frederick Ward likely to be of an age to be our man. Of course �Fred� could be a nickname � or someone who used his second name � but that makes it very difficult to trace. But was he Frank Ward? Robert Anderson says that La Capricieuse was dedicated to a Frank Ward one of his Worcester pupils.

Or was the dedication intended to be to Frank Webb with whom Elgar corresponded (and whose two sisters he taught violin)?

So unless some Elgarian has a lead I have missed, I am afraid the trail ends where it begins for Fred Ward.

There is some more history of the piece which may be of interest. Heifetz included � and retained � La Capricieuse in his repertoire and recorded it, for the first time, in 1917 or 1918. Elgar was one of those invited to hear these early RCA recordings of Heifetz at a special presentation in London. A later Heifetz recording of February 1934 is available today on EMI Classics.

Tom Kelly

From : Kenneth Tomes

Elgar's voice

I understand that recordings of Elgar speaking are available. Do you have any knowledge of these, and if so, could you supply any links, and or information which may enable me to hear or download them?

Kenneth Tomes

Dear Kenneth,

There are two examples of Elgar's voice in existence. The first is from 1927 when he was recorded by HMV whilst rehearsing the London Symphony Orchestra in a recording of his Second Symphony. The sound itself is rather indistinct, as Elgar was apparently fond of playing the 78 disc to visitors! That should be available on the EMI reissue of the Second Symphony (Elgar Edition), from the Elgar Birthplace etc.

The other is the soundtrack taken from the film of Elgar conducting 'Land of Hope and Glory' at the newly-opened HMV studios at Abbey Road in 1931. If that is not available, you can see and hear the whole thing on the supplement to the DVD of Ken Russell's film about the composer - it includes all the footage existing of Elgar. Again, the Birthplace has the DVD/video.

There is a slight Worcestershire burr to EE's voice - a nice, humorous sound - thank goodness it has been preserved for posterity, even if fleetingly!

DG

From : Laura Gordijk

A very simple enquiry

I was wondering, could you tell me how tall Edward Elgar was?

Many Thanks

Laura Gordijk

Dear Laura,

Thank you for your enquiry - I only found out the answer to this particular question myself the other day when at Elgar's Birthplace - he was 5' 10". And the reason we know is because it was on his passport! Hope this helps -

DG

From : Bastian Visser

The Snow

I recently heard a quite interesting piece of music and found out it belonged to Edward Elgar and named - The Snow. I can't find it however - could you help out here? Is it like a popular name for a piece known under another, more official name etc. etc.

Thanks a lot and kind regards

Bastian Visser

Dear Bastian,

"The Snow" is the proper name of this piece and doesn't go under another name. It was written in 1894, originally for female voices, 2 violins and piano. The words are by Elgar's wife, Alice. Elgar orchestrated the piece in December 1903. It seems it's very popular abroad, especially in Japan, judging by the emails I receive about this beautiful piece.

I hope this answers your query.

DG

From : Dr. Robert Vodnoy

Elgar and depression

I am teaching a course at Valparaiso University this term on "Madness, Obsession and Musical Genius". Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison, in her book Touched with Fire, lists Elgar among those composers who suffered from depression. I noted the use of the term depression in your on-line biography, and am wondering if you can point me toward other sources which would clarify the issue.

Thank you

Dr. Robert Vodnoy

Dear Robert,

Many thanks for your email - you will find references to Elgar's depression in pretty well all the published biographies, but one which is very good on this subject is Michael Kennedy's 'Portrait of Elgar' - he is particularly at pains to draw out Elgar's melancholic tendencies, and the part they played in his composition. Elgar apparently mentioned suicide more than once c1905, being depressed about his work and finances.

The Kennedy book is usually easy to find - and is an excellent study of EE.

Hope this is of use.

DG

From : Carolina McDonald

The first performance of the Elgar Cello Concerto

I was wondering if you know where, or who conducted the first performance of the Elgar Concerto?

I believe it was in 1920, in Leeds.

The reason I ask is that I am a closed-caption editor, and I am currently working on a film from 1997, called "Paradise Road." In it, two women have discovered a common love of music, and one is humming the Elgar Concerto. The other mentions how she saw the first performance of it, and then says something like: "Felix Summond, Leeds, 1920." I just can't quite make out the name she says, and I'm presuming it's the conductor she speaks of. However, it could also be the place where she saw the performance. I imagine it is accurate, but I really have no idea.

Carolina McDonald

Dear Carolina,

Thanks for your email. The information you're looking for is:

First Performance :
Date: 27 October 1919
Venue: Queen's Hall, London
Conductor: the composer
Soloist: Felix Salmond
Orchestra: London Symphony Orchestra

I hope this helps!

DG

From David Chandler:

"I am folk music"

My question is did Elgar really say "I am folk music" and, if so, when and where did he say it? I've often seen these words quoted, but never with any kind of source or reference. It would be nice to know, and I would be very grateful to anyone who can illuminate me on this point.

David Chandler

Dear David,

Thanks for your email, and yes, Elgar did say that. This was to his old friend Troyte Griffith, who recalled the incident in an MS of reminiscences, now held at Elgar's Birthplace Museum:

"I said to Elgar: 'What do you think about this folk music?'
He flashed back: 'I don't think about it at all. I am folk music!'"

We don't know when he said it or where, but Troyte is a very reliable source.

I hope this helps.

DG

From Tom Arena:

Salut d'amour

I heard a snippet of this piece by chance on the Amazon website. It's wonderful.

Unfortunately, I know nothing aboyut Elgar since till now I have been a consumer of contemporary music untill now.. Can you advise me what Elgar work this music came from? In addition, are there other Elgar compositions in this orchestral style? There is so much on the Amazon site, that I do not know where to start.

Thank you very much and I apologize for my ignorance about Elgar.

Tom Arena

Dear Tom,

Very many thanks for your email about Salut d'Amour - it is a lovely piece, isn't it? He wrote it as a token of love for his wife, Alice. It is a stand-alone work, but beautifully crafted. If you enjoyed this piece which is in Elgar's 'lighter' vein, can I suggest you explore a disc from EMI called 'The Lighter Elgar' - the main set of works on this CD are with the Northern Sinfonia conducted by Sir Neville Marriner, but there are a few others conducted by Lawrence Collingwood. It's about �8 and shd be easy to find anywhere. There are some exquisite pieces on it, from an ebullient 'Sevlliana' written when he was in his twenties, to his last published piece, 'Mina', which is a very wistful potrait of one of his dogs.

If you wanted to explore more serious works, could I suggest the 'Enigma' Variations? - you will find the 'miniature' Elgar there, but also more profound utterances, as in his famous 'Nimrod' variation. There are also humorous and skittish variations in there as well, such as the one which depicts a bulldog called Dan falling into a river and clambering out with a triumphant bark! I'm sure you'd enjoy it. There are dozens of recordings but the ones to look for are by Boult, Barbirolli, Mackerras, and Monteux.

There is so much to Elgar and his music and I quite envy you if you decide to explore further. Do have a look around the Elgar website and find out about him - it has music examples which you should enjoy. He really is a marvellous composer and had so many facets to him - I've been enthralled by his music for about 25 years and cannot get enough of it! Good luck, and happy listening!

DG

From David Hall (e-mail : [email protected] ):

Elgar and the Organ

I am preparing a lecture for WEA about the church organ, with reference to several composers including Elgar. I would greatly appreciate it if you could answer the following detailed questions :

• Why did Elgar write so little significant music for solo organ?
  
• Is the organ sonata written as a post-service voluntary or as a concert piece (a functional composition - or an "art" composition)
  
• What can we infer from Elgar's use of the organ in orchestral works? (eg. are there religious connotations?)
  
• To what extent was Elgar influenced by church music? (ie. any influence of Bachian counterpoint, or chorale/plainsong melodies. Did he study harmony through playing the organ and singing in church choirs, or did he study orchestral scores of the Viennese classics?)
  
• And also any information which you think may be useful as regards to the relationship between Elgar, the organ and the church.

David Hall

Dear David,

Thanks for clarifying what you need to know about Elgar and the Organ. So as not to be long-winded, I'll answer your questions individually, since you broke your query down into separate items...

• Why did Elgar write so little significant music for solo organ?

Not a straightforward question to answer, but there are some pointers. It's well-known that Elgar professed to not liking the piano 'artistically' as an instrument, though his pianistic abilities were remarkable, according to friends who heard him play. Perhaps he felt a little bit the same way about the organ?

Having said that, his years of playing the organ regularly at St George's Roman Catholic Church in Worcester during his 'teens and twenties meant he knew the instrument intimately. He wrote and arranged the music of others (Bach, Mozart et al) for use in the Church services, providing organ accompaniment as necessary for the choir; but as Robert Anderson says in his biography of EE, his "organ playing days were virtually over by the time he married in 1889; but at an earlier time the instrument had been a considerable stimulus".

His organ-playing was an integral part of his general self-education, but the organ was not the instrument that he felt best carried his musical ideas. That instrument, of course, was the orchestra.

• Is the organ sonata written as a post-service voluntary or as a concert piece (a functional composition - or an "art" composition)?

The largest work for this instrument is the Organ Sonata in G major, op. 28, first performed at Worcester Cathedral on 8th July 1895. According to the score inscription it took him a week to write! It was composed to be played by a colleague, Hugh Blair, at the American Organists Convention - so it was definitely an 'art' composition - a showpiece for organ. It was actually written with the 4-manual Hill organ of the Cathedral, dating from 1874, in mind. It should be noted that it often seems to be a piece struggling to get out of its keyboard clothes and into full orchestral dress (in fact Gordon Jacob did make a superb arrangement of it for full orchestra about fifty years ago - it's worth comparing the recording of this conducted by Vernon Handley with the original organ version).

Essentially it's a virtuoso four movement piece designed to show off the organ as well as the capabilities of the player...! It has been commented elsewhere that to play it, you need to be a mental as well as a physical athlete.

• What can we infer from Elgar's use of the organ in orchestral works? (eg. are there religious connotations?)

Elgar used the organ seldom in his orchestral works - two striking exceptions which spring to mind are :

1) Enigma Variations, where he adds the organ for a few bars in his self-portrait finale;

2) Symphony No 2 in E flat - again, the organ is added for a brief passage in the finale, noted by one critic as having a "tummy- wobbling effect" - you can hear it on the Handley recording of the work.

However the organ is not mandatory for these two pieces - it's asked to be added where it's possible to do so - but its deep sonority adds depth and colour to the orchestral texture. So, no religious connotations - in these cases it's a member of the orchestra.

• To what extent was Elgar influenced by church music? (ie. any influence of Bachian counterpoint, or chorale/plainsong melodies. Did he study harmony through playing the organ and singing in church choirs, or did he study orchestral scores of the Viennese classics?)

It would be fairer to say that Elgar was influenced by "religious" music rather than church music. Elgar knew from an early age masses and anthems by Haydn, Mozart, Handel &c; and of course the Three Choirs Festival provided the best opportunity possible to hear and play (in EE's case, the violin) in the great choral works - Messiah, Elijah &c.

Elgar wasn't so interested in plainsong, but studied harmony from many sources - particularly Beethoven (at an early age he took scores from his father's music shop to his grandparent's graves at Claines Churchyard to study them), as well as Mozart and Schumann, to name two.

Bach and Handel were huge favourites of Elgar throughout his life - he knew their works intimately - and you might like to look out for his arrangement for full orchestra of Bach's Fantasia & Fugue in C minor, which he made in 1922-1923: a virtuoso orchestral piece which remains faithful to Bach's original, and in which Elgar took pains to make sure details like "shakes" remained, amplified and given new voices in the orchestra.

• And also any information which you think may be useful as regards to the relationship between Elgar, the organ and the church.

Not enough time to deal with that properly! (whole chapters have been written on these subjects). Suffice to say he was brought up a Catholic, wrote much music for the Anglican Church (Te Deum & Benedictus &c), and his greatest work ("Dream of Gerontius") is a setting of a deeply Catholic poem by Cardinal Newman. Later in life he lapsed from his faith, but is buried in a Catholic churchyard. He continued to conduct his great choral works till the end of his life ("Apostles", "Kingdom") at the Three Choirs. So all in all he was a bit of a Catholic/Anglican mixture with a good dose of agnosticism thrown in towards the end!

DG

From Harry Lynch (e-mail : [email protected] ):

Elgar's Mother

Hello, I am a teacher at Newman Preparatory School in Boston, MA. I am curious to learn more about Elgar's connection to Newman. I read that his mother was a convert to Catholicism - Newman was responsible for many converts during this era. A quick review of Newman correspondence did not show her name: however my research was hardly organized or exhaustive...can you enlighten on this point? Thank you!

Harry Lynch

Dear Harry,

Although Elgar's mother Anne (nee Greening) was not actually one of Cardinal Newman's own converts to Catholicism, her conversion came only a few years after Newman being received into the Roman faith in 1845.

As you will probably already know, William Henry Elgar, Edward's father, took up the post of organist at St. George's Roman Catholic Church in Worcester in the 1840's, despite him being something of a free-thinker who disliked what he called "the playhouse mummery of the Papist"; however the money he received for his duties must have made the Popery bearable!

Anne Elgar must have come to Catholicism partly or mostly through William's connection with St. George's, and by the early 1850's she was going to the Superior at the church for instruction, prior to being received into the Catholic faith. It needs to be remembered that to decide to become a Catholic at this time was to take your courage in both hands, for despite the Emancipation Act of 1829 the religion was still widely mistrusted, even reviled, in England.

The Elgar children were all brought up by Anne as Catholics despite William's (admittedly) tacit opposition.

If you want a little more background reading on the subject, Percy Young's "Elgar, Newman & the Dream of Gerontius in the Tradition of English Catholicism" (Scolar Press, 1995) is worth reading.

DG

From Kelly Stewart (e-mail : [email protected] ):

Betws-y-coed

I am currently researching a project for the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic studies. I am looking, specifically, for any information that might be available concerning Elgar's time spent in North Wales in the Town of Betyw-y-Coed. Any information or sources you can give me would be greatly appreciated!

Kelly Stewart

Dear Kelly,

Thanks for your email. Some basic information on Elgar and Betws-y-coed: Elgar stayed there in the early 1900's as it was home to a great friend, Alfred E Rodewald, a wealthy cotton magnate who was more interested in music. Rodewald had a summer cottage called "Minafon" at Betws-y-coed (one "t" or two in "Betws"?). Elgar and his wife stayed there in June 1901. A further visit took place in July 1903 where Elgar spent much of his time orchestrating "The Apostles", or viewing the Welsh countryside on his bicycle or on trips out in Rodewald's car. Elgar's letters to his friend Jaeger stress the informality of the cottage atmosphere, which he must have loved, and he persuaded "Nimrod" to come to stay for a while.

Sadly Rodewald died from influenza in 1903, aged 43. Elgar was desolate. A few months after his death, Elgar began to write some sketches of what was to become the slow movement of the Second Symphony, in which Alice Elgar heard a "lament for dear Rodey and all human feeling".

Most of the Elgar biographies will flesh out the above, but I would recommend any of Jerrold Northrop Moore's books - his "Creative Life", or the letters to Jaeger in "Letters of a Creative Life".

I hope this helps and good luck with your project.

DG